Background and Objective: Sleep disorders are one of the problems of substance abusers, which might result in emotional and logical thinking breakdown in those individuals. The main aim of the current research was to compare sleep problems in two groups of substance users and normal subjects. Materials and Methods: This study compared 90 substance users who were referred to the addiction treatment cen-ters with 90 subjects who were relatives as a normal group. Participants were asked to fill out Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and STOP-BANG questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and descriptive indicators at the significant level of P < 0. 050. Results: The average of age was 38. 21 ± 4. 35 years in the addict group and 41. 11 ± 5. 27 in the normal group (P < 0. 050). All the participants were men. Our findings indicated a significant difference between the two study groups in the PSQI (P < 0. 001) and ESS (P < 0. 010) scores with a higher mean score for the addict group. However, normal group showed a significantly higher mean score on the ISI and STOP-BANG compared to the addict group (P < 0. 010). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, sleep problems are common in people who are dependent on drugs, and should be given more attention.

Background: Insomnia and emotional disorders share common factors that underlie and perpetuate these disorders. The Unified Protocol (UP) for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders is a new treatment approach designed to target core processes of emotional disorders. Objectives: The present study examined the effects of UP on behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion dysregulation as transdiagnostic factors, as well as cognition and behaviors specific to insomnia, in a small sample of patients (N = 6) with comorbid insomnia and emotional disorders. Methods: A multiple-baseline across subjects single-case experimental design with a 3-month follow-up was used. Participants were allocated to 2, 4, and 6 baseline periods and then received 14 weekly individual sessions of UP. The outcome measures were Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scales (BIS/BAS), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale-10 (DBAS-10), and Sleep-Related Behaviors Questionnaire (SRBQ). Data were analyzed using visual inspection, mixed model analysis, and reliable change index (RCI). Results: Mixed model analysis showed significant changes in BIS/BAS, ASI-3, DERS, DBAS-10, and SRBQ from pre-treatment to posttreatment. Most participants achieved a reliable change in BIS, ASI-3, DERS, DBAS-10, and SRBQ at a 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: This preliminary study provides empirical evidence on the utility of UP for reducingcommonvulnerability and sleepspecific factors in chronic insomnia comorbid with emotional disorders. Further research is needed to test these findings in randomized controlled studies.

Context: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders characterized by sleep difficulty that impairs daily functioning and reduces quality of life. The burden of medical, psychiatric, interpersonal, and societal consequences of insomnia expresses the importance of diagnosing and treatment of insomnia. The aim of study was to investigate causes of insomnia from the viewpoint of Iranian traditional medicine.Evidence Acquisition: In this review study, we searched insomnia in a few of the most famous ancient textbooks of Iranian traditional medicine from different centuries. This books include The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (the first version of Beirut), Zakhire Kharazmshahi by Jurjani (the scanned version of Bonyade Farhang-e Iran), Malfaregh by Razes (the first version of Iran University of Medical Sciences), and Aqili's cure by Aqili (the first version of Iran University of Medical Sciences).Results: This study found that in Iranian traditional medicine manuscripts, insomnia was called sahar and even though many factors induce insomnia, most of them act through causing brain dystemperament.Conclusions: The brain dystemperament is considered one of the main causes of insomnia and insomnia can be well managed with an organized line of treatment, by correcting the brain dystemperament through elimination of causes. This study helps to find new solutions to treat insomnia.

Sleep disorders are more common in diabetes mellitus (DM) cases rather than normal ones. In addition, this condition could be associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) development with more inflammatory indices in circulation. In the present study, we have evaluated the association between DR and sleep quality. This cross-sectional study is a part of the second phase of the study of the elderly cohort of Amirkola City, which was conducted in 2015-2016 on all people aged 60 and higher. Of all diabetic cases, 44 cases had retinopathy and were selected as the case group. To compare two control groups, 135 diabetic patients without retinopathy and 135 people without diabetes were randomly selected. The presence and type of retinopathy were determined based on an eye physical examination by an ophthalmologist. In addition, sleep quality was evaluated based on the Pittsburgh Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA, t-test, and linear regression tests. In the present study, there was a significant difference in the score of the Pittsburgh questionnaire between people with DR (45. 5±68. 2) compared to diabetic people without retinopathy (76. 5±48. 2) and people without diabetes (95. 4±36. 2) (P=0. 470), but diabetic people without retinopathy had significantly worse sleep quality than people without diabetes (P=0. 019). Also, sleep quality in women with DR was worse than in men (P=014). In the linear regression analysis, it was observed that age, gender, diabetes, and history of depression significantly affect the sleep quality of the evaluated cases (P<0. 05 for all). According to the results of the present study, DR does not negatively influence the quality of sleep, and DR is not related to sleep disorders.

Objective: Similar cognitive and behavioral factors underlie and perpetuate insomnia and emotional disorders. This brief case report aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Unified Protocol (UP), a transdiagnostic treatment designed to target emotional disorders in treating comorbid insomnia. Method: The patient was a 32-year-old male, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for chronic insomnia, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. After 3 baseline weeks, the patient underwent 14 sessions of UP and was retested after 1-month follow-up. Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were completed during baseline, treatment, and follow-up. Results: The treatment led to improvements in sleep onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, terminal awakenings, sleep quality, and insomnia severity. These gains were maintained at 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: UP is effective in improving different symptoms of chronic insomnia. Controlled clinical studies with more cases are required to investigate the effects of UP in the treatment of insomnia.